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Sri Lanka's health system has a long track record of strong performance. This case study describes the main features and achievements of Sri Lanka's high-performing health system, to distill lessons for the rest of the world. UNICO case studies focus on a particular health coverage program. In Sri Lanka, the selected health coverage program is the government's national health service (NHS) that was established in the 1930s and has remained broadly the same since then. Thus, the entire government health system is taken as the health coverage program, without narrowing the focus to a specific program. The relationship between the government system and the private health sector in Sri Lanka is explored in the case study. Looking forward, the pending agenda related to addressing the health needs of an aging population is also discussed.

Health and Poverty --- Health Economics and Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health, Nutrition and Population

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Fifty years ago, health outcomes in the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia were not far behind those in Western Europe and well ahead of most other regions of the world. But progress since then has been slow. While life expectancy in the ECA region today is close to the global average, the gap with its western neighbors has doubled, and other middle-income regions have all surpassed ECA. Some countries in the region are doing better, but full convergence with the world’s most advanced health systems is still a long way off. At the same time, survey evidence suggests that the health sector is the top priority for additional investment among populations across the region. The experience of high-income countries also suggests that popular demand for strong and accessible health systems will only grow over time. Yet these aspirations must be reconciled with current fiscal realities. In brief, health sector issues are a challenge here to stay for policy-makers across the ECA region. This report draws on new evidence to explore the development challenge facing health sectors in ECA, and highlights three key agendas to help policy-makers seeking to achieve more rapid convergence with the world’s best performing health systems. The first is the health agenda, where the task is to strengthen public health and primary care interventions to help launch the "cardiovascular revolution" that has taken place in the West in recent decades. The second is the financing agenda, in which growing demand for medical care must be satisfied without imposing undue burden on households or government budgets. The third agenda relates to broader institutional arrangements. Here there are some key reform ingredients common to most advanced health systems that are still missing in many ECA countries. A common theme in each of these three agendas is the emphasis on improving outcomes, or "Getting Better".

Medical care --- Medical policy --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health

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Robust public financial management (PFM) systems are crucial to ensure the efficacy and integrity of public health spending, thereby contributing to improved service coverage and financial protection, as required for achieving universal health coverage. A weak PFM system has impeded implementation of the Bangladesh health care financing strategy 2012-2032. This paper aims to identify and document major PFM challenges in relation to the interventions outlined in this strategy document, on the grounds that relaxing these constraints will strengthen implementation. Further, the study examines PFM barriers in service delivery, such as delays in fund availability and procurement and the lack of operational funds at the facility level. The paper points to a number of obstacles, including the absence of a legal framework for implementing a social health protection scheme, no laws to retain user fees at health facilities or to change financial rules to introduce flexible cash at facilities, district health managers without delegated financial power, noncompliance with audit observations, and need for PFM capacity strengthening. Short-, medium- and long-term actions are presented to address these PFM issues. Removing these barriers will not require significant additional resources, but will offer the potential to significantly enhance value for money for Bangladesh's government health budget.

Health Finance

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While high levels of political commitment to improve health outcomes in the state have ensured that Andhra Pradesh (AP) ranks fourth among the category of twenty-one large states in the NITI Aayog Health Index, the health sector is challenged by an epidemiological transition with rising incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The state has made significant achievements in the last five years in almost all key maternal and child health indicators. Despite these improvements, prevalence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) among children under five years appears to be on the rise. Wide inter district variations in the health outcomes indicate challenges in equity and access. Since tax-financed government revenues are essential for progress toward universal health coverage (UHC), and efficient allocation and use of such revenues is more critical in resource-constrained environments, the state government agreed to undertake an assessment of public financial management (PFM) systems within the health sector. In recognition of this agenda, an assessment of the potential for achieving better alignment between the PFM and health systems was undertaken in August 2022. AP was the first state in India for the assessment.

Health policy.

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This publication brings forward the most recent research from Soviet, European, and American scholars. The introduction and seven essays provide an overview of Russian Constructivism and consider its resonance in non-soviet art history up to the present day. This boook will be an invaluable resource for those interested in the Russian avant-garde and the history of modern art.

Constructivisme --- Constructivism (Art) --- Art, Russian --- -Constructivism (Art) --- -[intr.] --- [essays] --- Sovjet-Unie --- architectuur --- kunst --- politiek --- schilderkunst --- 7.037 --- 7.037.6 --- 7.037 <47> --- Russian art --- Krug khudozhnikov (Group of artists) --- NOMA (Group of artists) --- Trinadt︠s︡atʹ (Group of artists) --- Kunststijlen: constructivisme --- Overgang tussen expressionisme en abstracte kunst. Avant-gardekunst--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 7.037 <47> Overgang tussen expressionisme en abstracte kunst. Avant-gardekunst--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 7.037.6 Kunststijlen: constructivisme --- [intr.] --- Art, Modern --- Concrete art --- Painting, Abstract --- Constructivism (Art) - Russia (Federation) - Exhibitions --- Art, Russian - 20th century - Exhibitions